How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

This

STR="Hello\nWorld"  echo $STR  

produces as output

Hello\nWorld  

instead of

Hello  World  

What should I do to have a newline in a string?

Note: This question is not about echo. I'm aware of echo -e, but I'm looking for a solution that allows passing a string (which includes a newline) as an argument to other commands that do not have a similar option to interpret \n's as newlines.

Answer by Pace for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

The problem isn't with the shell. The problem is actually with the echo command itself, and the lack of double quotes around the variable interpolation. You can try using echo -e but that isn't supported on all platforms, and one of the reasons printf is now recommended for portability.

You can also try and insert the newline directly into your shell script (if a script is what you're writing) so it looks like...

#!/bin/sh  echo "Hello  World"  #EOF  

or equivalently

#!/bin/sh  string="Hello  World"  echo "$string"  # note double quotes!  

Answer by amphetamachine for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

The solution is to use $'string', for example:

$ STR=$'Hello\nWorld'  $ echo "$STR"  Hello  World  

Here is an excerpt from the Bash manual page:

   Words of the form $'string' are treated specially.  The word expands to     string, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by  the     ANSI  C  standard.  Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded     as follows:            \a     alert (bell)            \b     backspace            \e            \E     an escape character            \f     form feed            \n     new line            \r     carriage return            \t     horizontal tab            \v     vertical tab            \\     backslash            \'     single quote            \"     double quote            \nnn   the eight-bit character whose value is  the  octal  value                   nnn (one to three digits)            \xHH   the  eight-bit  character  whose value is the hexadecimal                   value HH (one or two hex digits)            \cx    a control-x character       The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the  dollar  sign  had  not     been present.       A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($"string") will cause     the string to be translated according to the current  locale.   If  the     current  locale  is  C  or  POSIX,  the dollar sign is ignored.  If the     string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.  

Answer by Jens for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

Echo is so nineties and so fraught with perils that its use should result in core dumps no less than 4GB. Seriously, echo's problems were the reason why the Unix Standardization process finally invented the printf utility, doing away with all the problems.

So to get a newline in a string:

FOO="hello  world"  BAR=$(printf "hello\nworld\n") # Alternative; note: final newline is deleted  printf '%s\n' "$FOO"  printf '%s\n' "$BAR"  

There! No SYSV vs BSD echo madness, everything gets neatly printed and fully portable support for C escape sequences. Everybody please use printf now and never look back.

Answer by zvezda for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

What I did based on the other answers was

NEWLINE=$'\n'  my_var="__between eggs and bacon__"  echo "spam${NEWLINE}eggs${my_var}bacon${NEWLINE}knight"    # which outputs:  spam  eggs__between eggs and bacon__bacon  knight  

Answer by cymox1 for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

I find the -e flag elegant and straight forward

STR="Hello\nWorld" echo -e $STR #outputs Hello World

If the string is the output of another command, I just use quotes

indexes_diff=$(git diff index.yaml) echo "$indexes_diff"

Answer by user2350426 for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

1. The only simple alternative is to actually type a new line in the variable:

   $ STR='new  line'  $ printf '%s' "$STR"  new  line  

   Yes, that means writing Enter where needed in the code.

2. There are several equivalents to a new line character.

   \n           ### A common way to represent a new line character.  \012         ### Octal value of a new line character.  \x0A         ### Hexadecimal value of a new line character.  

   But all those require "an interpretation" by some tool (POSIX printf):

   echo -e "new\nline"           ### on POSIX echo, `-e` is not required.  printf 'new\nline'            ### Understood by POSIX printf.  printf 'new\012line'          ### Valid in POSIX printf.  printf 'new\x0Aline'         printf '%b' 'new\0012line'    ### Valid in POSIX printf.  

   And therefore, the tool is required to build a string with a new-line:

   $ STR="$(printf 'new\nline')"  $ printf '%s' "$STR"  new  line  

3. In some shells, the sequence $' is an special shell expansion. Known to work in ksh93, bash and zsh:

   $ STR=$'new\nline'  

4. Of course, more complex solutions are also possible:

   $ echo '6e65770a6c696e650a' | xxd -p -r  new  line  

   Or

   $ echo "new line" | sed 's/ \+/\n/g'  new  line  

Answer by Jason for How can I have a newline in a string in sh?

I'm no bash expert, but this one worked for me:

STR1="Hello"  STR2="World"  NEWSTR=$(cat << EOF  $STR1    $STR2  EOF  )  echo "$NEWSTR"  

I found this easier to formatting the texts.

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